Such ovens became popular in the Americas during the colonial era. Black ovens were often built to serve entire communities (compare the banal ovens of France, which were often owned by the local government and whose operators charged a fee to oven users). It is known as a black oven because the fire generates soot on the roof of the oven. The traditional direct-fired masonry design is often called a "Roman" or "black" oven and dates in Western culture to at least the Roman Republic.
Hornos are also traditional in the American Southwest. In the precolumbian Americas, similar ovens were often made of clay or adobe and are now referred to by the Spanish term horno (meaning "oven"). The open-topped tandoor is a transitional design between the earth oven and the Roman-plan masonry oven.
In India, tandoors are traditional clay ovens, although these days modern electrically fired tandoors are available. Masonry ovens are used by Arabs in the Gulf States for the preparation of the traditional khubz bread. Over time, the single-loaf ovens grew large enough to bake multiple loaves, and construction practices expanded from holes in the ground to clay pots to brick and rock domes and vaults. Ancient Egyptians left drawings of bakers putting dough on a hot rock and covering it with a hot clay pot - the first "true" oven. Many such practices continue today, as well as showing up in the archeological record, but masonry ovens like the ones we know now only appear with the start of grain agriculture - in other words, bread (and beer - which is the likely source of the yeast used to make the first bread rise). Large quantities might be cooked in an earth oven: a hole in the ground, pre-heated with a large fire, and further warmed by the addition of hot rocks. Big starchy roots and other slower-cooking foods, however, cooked better when they were buried in hot ashes, and sometimes covered with hot stones, and/or more hot ash. The process began as soon as our ancestors started using fire to cook their food, probably by spit-roasting over live flame or coals. Humans built masonry ovens long before they started writing. 3.2 Thermodynamics of insulating masonry ovens.
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